It was over 4,000 years ago that an astounding event at the Tower of Babel made language translation necessary today.

The History Book of the Universe records a remarkable series of events. Noah’s family disembarked from the Ark after the Great Flood (Genesis 6:1-9:19) around 2500 BC. God clearly instructed Noah and his sons to “Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth.” (Genesis 9:1,7)

Building the Tower of Babel

Did Noah’s descendants listen to God? No, the clan settled on the plain of Shinar. They made no attempt to spread out and fill the earth. On the contrary, they stuck together to build a Tower, defying God’s order to re-populate the earth. Yahweh therefore confused the language of the Tower builders to force them to scatter across the face of the earth (Genesis 11:1-9).

Why So Much Diversity in Humans?

When I was in school, textbooks listed three races: Caucasian, Mongoloid, and Negroid. Is this accurate? Where did all the many different people groups come from?

Why do people from different parts of the world look so different? Why are there so many different colors, sizes, and shapes?

Actually, all human beings belong to only one race—Adam’s race. The Apostle Paul said, “He made from one, every nation of mankind to live on all the face of the earth.” (Acts 17:26) Yahweh created Adam from the dust of the ground and formed Eve from one of Adam’s ribs. All other humans descended from Adam and Eve.

All people groups are able to intermarry, reproduce, and birth fertile offspring. This is biological evidence that all humans belong to a single race. Therefore the concept of race is essentially meaningless biologically.

Thus it is legitimate to say we are all one family. We’re all relatives of each other, for we are all descendants of Adam and Eve, as well as descendants of Noah and Mrs. Noah.

Building the Tower of Babel

Different Colors, One Race

The dispersion of humanity across the earth from the Tower of Babel accounts for the many different people groups. Yahweh separated and dispersed family lines by giving them different languages, and each family line had a distinct set of genes. Since they were isolated as a result of language differences, different groups exhibited, sustained, and accentuated different genetic characteristics.

Adam’s and Eve’s skin was probably middle-brown in color with a mixture of light and dark color genes in their genome. In this way their offspring could range from very light to very dark. But all are part of the single Adamic race.

Similarly, Adam and Eve undoubtedly possessed genetic variation for other traits like hair color and texture, eye color and shape, height and weight, talents and abilities, intellectual and physical gifts, etc.

Some of the original gene pool was probably lost at the Flood when the entire population of the world was wiped out except for Noah and his three sons and their four wives. The gene pool was limited to Shem, Ham, and Japheth and their three wives. Everyone today is descended from those three couples.

As people migrated from Babel, language groups became isolated from each other. Each group’s genes determined their physical characteristics. Since they likely married within language groups, over time distinctive characteristics would become more pronounced in each group.

Dispersal From Babel

From Babel, the sons of Shem, Ham, and Japheth dispersed across the earth. Many geographic place names still reflect the identities of these early settlers.

The first-century Jewish historian Josephus was the first to record the settlement patterns of Noah’s sons in the Genesis 10 Table of Nations. (See Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book 1, Chapter 6.) Subsequent ethnographers have largely followed Josephus.

Johns Hopkins University professor William F. Albright, the father of Biblical Archaeology, said Shem’s Table of Nations “stands absolutely alone in ancient literature without a remote parallel even among the Greeks. … The Table of Nations remains an astonishingly accurate document.” (From William F. Albright, Recent Discoveries in Bible Lands, Funk & Wagnalls, 1955, p. 70-71.)

Geographic dispersal of Noah’s sons as given by Josephus
Red=Japheth, Blue=Ham, Green=Shem

Noah’s oldest son Japheth (Genesis 10:21) may be the origin of the Roman god Jupiter (Zeus to the Greeks), father of the gods. Japheth’s sons were Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras (Genesis 10:2), and they mostly migrated north into Europe and Russia. Magog and Meshech (Moscow) settled in Russia. Magog, meaning “the place of Gog,” may be Georgia of the former USSR. Javan is the Hebrew translation of Greece. Madai fathered the Medes who allied themselves with the Persians to overthrow the Babylonians. The Greek historian Herodotus (484–425 BC) identified Gomer with Cimmeria, now called the Crimea. Gomer’s descendants migrated westward, preserving his name in Germany and Cambria (Wales in Great Britain). Gomer’s son Askenaz is the Hebrew name for Germany.

Japheth’s son Tubal settled the region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. This region is called the Caucasus. Right in the middle of the Caucasus is Chechnya, the homeland of the Boston Marathon bombers.

Ham’s sons Cush, Mizraim, Put, and Canaan mostly migrated west and south into Africa. Cush settled Ethiopia. Today Ethiopians still call themselves Cushites. Mizraim is the Hebrew name for Egypt. Put settled northwest Africa (Libya). Canaan settled the Promised Land (Genesis 10:19) that Yahweh later gave to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The Sinites, descendants of Canaan, traveled east into China. This term is still widely used, as in Sino-Russian relations and Sino-Japanese languages.

Shemites located around Babel and to the east. Shem’s sons were Elam, Asshur, Arpachshad, Lud, Aram (Genesis 10:22). Elamites are the Persians of the Old Testament. Aram was the father of the Syrians (Arameans) and the Aramaic language used in Bible times. Asshur was the father of the Assyrians. Lud settled in Lydia in Turkey. Arpachshad’s grandson was Eber, the father of the Hebrews.

The human race is both unified and diverse. It is unified because everyone who ever lived descended from Adam. It is diverse because of the genetic complexity and variation that Yahweh built into Adam. The diversity eventually became apparent as a result of the dispersal from Babel.

The Tower of Babel was a mammoth edifice. It was the site of a pivotal event of world history. Its consequences cascade down through the centuries to our own day. Have you ever struggled to learn another language, or to understand someone with a heavy foreign accent? Have you ever felt confused or bewildered in a place with an unfamiliar language? You can credit your rebellious ancestors at the Tower of Babel for causing your troubles.

Soli Deo Gloria.

This is the concluding post in the Tower of Babel series.
Read the prequels:
1. Tower of Babel & Language Translation
2. Tower of Babel – Where?
3. Tower of Babel – What Did It Look Like?
4. Tower of Babel – When?
5. Tower of Babel – Origin of Languages
6. Tower of Babel – How Many Languages?
7. Tower of Babel – Problem for Evolutionists

The Translation Page which prompted this series offers automatic translations of the Bible-Science Guy Blog into over 60 languages!

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Click the sidebar’s “SUBSCRIBE” button to follow the
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©William T. Pelletier, Ph.D.
“contending earnestly for the faith”
“destroying speculations against the knowledge of God”
(Jude 1:3; 2 Cor 10:4)
Wednesday May 15, 2013 A.D.

Now the whole earth used the same language and the same words. And it came about as they journeyed east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. And they said to one another, “Come, let us make bricks and burn them thoroughly.” And they used brick for stone, and they used tar for mortar. And they said, “Come, let us build for ourselves a city, and a tower whose top will reach into heaven, and let us make for ourselves a name; lest we be scattered abroad over the face of the whole earth.” And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower which the sons of men had built. And the LORD said, “Behold, they are one people, and they all have the same language. And this is what they began to do, and now nothing which they purpose to do will be impossible for them. “Come, let Us go down and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.” So the LORD scattered them abroad from there over the face of the whole earth; and they stopped building the city. Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the LORD confused the language of the whole earth; and from there the LORD scattered them abroad over the face of the whole earth. (Genesis 11:1-9)

The History Book of the Universe records a remarkable series of events. Noah’s family disembarked from the Ark after the Great Flood (Genesis 6:1-9:19) around 2500 BC. God clearly instructed Noah and his sons to “Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth.” (Genesis 9:1,7)

Tower of Babel
1594 oil painting in the Louvre Museum by Lucas van Valkenborch (1535-1597)

Did Noah’s descendants listen to God? No, the clan settled on the plain of Shinar. They made no attempt to spread out and fill the earth. On the contrary, they stuck together to build a Tower, defying God’s order to re-populate the earth. Yahweh therefore confused the language of the Tower builders to force them to scatter across the face of the earth (Genesis 11:1-9).

Language: A Problem for Evolutionists

Research so far indicates that the world’s languages came from at least 136 different original languages (see 6. Tower of Babel – How Many Languages?). No one has ever been able to show how any two of the 136 different language families could develop from a common source.

This is a huge problem for evolutionism. How could so many different languages have evolved independently? No evolutionist claims to have an answer. If speech had evolved, then one would expect to find that all languages belonged to a single language family. But they most definitely do not.

Even rabid evolutionist Richard Dawkins admits,

“Nobody knows how [language] began. There doesn’t seem to be anything like syntax in non-human animals and it is hard to imagine evolutionary forerunners of it.”
(From Richard Dawkins, Unweaving the Rainbow, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998, p. 294.)

It’s even less likely that mankind “evolved speech” in multiple places simultaneously. It boggles the mind to imagine it happened even once, much less many times.

Moreover, to “evolve speech” by itself is useless. You would have to simultaneously evolve the ability to hear sound and evolve the ability for the brain to interpret the meaning of the sounds. The systems to produce speech and to hear and interpret it would have to be developed incrementally by random mutations in such a way that each mutation provides a survival advantage, for evolutionism to be true. It’s clearly impossible to evolve language capability little by little.

Physically language interchange is astonishingly complex, involving tongue, mouth, throat, vocal chords, ear, nerves, and the speech and auditory centers of the brain. Each and every part of the entire system has to be fully functional in order for language to be of any use.

Some evolutionists claim language evolved from animal grunts, going from the very simple to the increasingly complex. But this is completely contrary to the way we see languages morph in the real world.

Language Change Contradicts Evolution

Historically language changes go in the wrong direction to be evolution. Languages always change from the complex to the simpler, never from simple to complex. Languages actually devolve over time, losing information and complexity.

For example, languages lose vocabulary over time. The Romance languages have lost many words from their ancestor Latin. English has lost 65–85% of the original Old English vocabulary.

Not only do languages lose vocabulary over time, but they also lose grammatical structure. Grammatical inflection is the modification of a word to communicate tense, mood, voice, person, number, gender, and case. Conjugation is inflection of verbs; declension is inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives.

In the Indo-European language family, Sanskrit, classical Greek, and Latin all used to have numerous declensions to indicate case, gender, and number. These languages also had many conjugations to indicate tense, voice, number, and person for verbs. But languages that descended from Sanskrit, classical Greek, and Latin eventually lost much of the original inflection.

English is the most wide-spread Indo-European language today. English has also lost a great deal of its inflection. It is a far simpler language than in its original form.

The clear trend among languages is devolution. Languages simplify and lose complexity and content over time.

“The evolution of language, at least within the historical period, is a story of progressive simplification.” (Albert C. Baugh, A History of the English Language, 2nd edition, Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1957, p. 10.)

“The so-called primitive languages can throw no light on language origins, since most of them are actually more complicated in grammar than the tongues spoken by civilized peoples.” (Ralph Linton, The Tree of Culture, Alfred A. Knopf, 1957, p. 9.)

Language Complexity in Distinctive Cultures

Some of the most primitive societies have very complex grammar. For example, the Tuyuca language of Columbia and Brazil with under 1,000 speakers has between 50 and 140 noun classes (grammatical genders). Verb conjugations must include endings that specify how the speaker knows what he is saying — whether he witnessed it, learned it from someone else, assumed it, etc.

The Bora language of Peru has more than 350 grammatical genders for nouns. This is the most of any language so far discovered. American students used to be tormented by Latin’s six cases for nouns. What if they had to learn Estonian? The Estonian language, spoken by 1.1 million Estonians, has 14 cases riddled with exceptions and irregularities.

Language complexity is not limited to grammar. The Ubykh language, whose last native speaker died in 1992, had 84 distinct consonant sounds, the most of any language without click consonants. Yet it had only two vowels. The Ubykh people lived along the eastern shore of the Black Sea before Russians forced the entire tribe to migrate to Turkey in the 1860s. In English, verbs agree with the subject. In Ubykh, the system of verb endings shows agreement of the verb with the subject, direct object, indirect object, and benefactive object.

Berik is spoken in eastern Papua, New Guinea. Its system of verb prefixes and suffixes specify the time of day something happened, the size of the verb object, the number of objects, where the action took place, and the gender of the people involved in the action. All this information is contained in a single word — the verb and its affixes.

See Tongue Twisters: In search of the world’s hardest language for many examples of extreme language complexities in grammar, word formation, speech sounds, and syntax.

Languages of the World says,

“The general sense is that there are no languages that are much simpler, more primitive than others. And most certainly “linguistic sophistication” does not correlate with technological sophistication. It is simply not true that languages of technologically advanced peoples are more complex than those of technologically primitive peoples. Quite the opposite is often true: standardized languages of large empires are simpler because they are learned by masses of second language learners and because writing and standardization keep them from changing too quickly.”
(See What language is the most complex?)

Evolutionist George Gaylord Simpson admitted that evolutionists have no idea how languages evolved:

“Many other attempts have been made to determine the evolutionary origin of language, and all have failed. … Even the peoples with least complex cultures have highly sophisticated languages, with complex grammar and large vocabularies, capable of naming and discussing anything that occurs in the sphere occupied by their speakers. … The oldest language that can reasonably be reconstructed is already modern, sophisticated, complete from an evolutionary point of view.” (George Gaylord Simpson, The Biological Nature of Man, Science, Vol. 152, 22 April 1966, p. 477.)

However, Biblical creationists know the answer to the question posed above: “How could so many different languages have evolved independently?”

The answer is that languages did not evolve into existence. They were created by God at the Tower of Babel and have since morphed into thousands of different languages.

Language is one of the fundamental gifts of God to man. Without language man could do very little. There would be no study of science or religion. There could be no contemplation of big questions like “Where did we come from?” Most of the arts, entertainment, business, research, and communication fields would be empty without language.

Yet the multitude of languages has necessitated untold amounts of work and generated numerous human conflicts. Linguistic diversity has been a major impediment to the spread of the Gospel and to communication of the written Word of God. This labor and difficulty stretching over four millenia is all because of mankind’s sin at Babel.

Today with the use of computers, some of the communication difficulties can be eased as with the Translation Page for the Bible-Science Guy Blog.

The Tower of Babel was a mammoth edifice. It was the site of a pivotal event of world history. Its consequences cascade down through the centuries to our own day. Have you ever struggled to learn another language, or to understand someone with a heavy foreign accent? Have you ever felt confused or bewildered in a place with an unfamiliar language? You can credit your rebellious ancestors at the Tower of Babel for causing your troubles.

Soli Deo Gloria.

This is the seventh post in the Tower of Babel series.
Read the prequels:
1. Tower of Babel & Language Translation
2. Tower of Babel – Where?
3. Tower of Babel – What Did It Look Like?
4. Tower of Babel – When?
5. Tower of Babel – Origin of Languages
6. Tower of Babel – How Many Languages?

Read the sequel:
8. Tower of Babel – Origin of People Groups

The Translation Page which prompted this series offers automatic translations of the Bible-Science Guy Blog into over 60 languages!

Subscribe – Don’t miss future blog posts!
Click the sidebar’s “SUBSCRIBE” button to follow the
Bible-Science Guy Blog. You’ll automatically receive
new posts by email. Click SUBSCRIBE NOW!

©William T. Pelletier, Ph.D.
“contending earnestly for the faith”
“destroying speculations against the knowledge of God”
(Jude 1:3; 2 Cor 10:4)
Wednesday May 8, 2013 A.D.

Now the whole earth used the same language and the same words. And it came about as they journeyed east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there. And they said to one another, “Come, let us make bricks and burn them thoroughly.” And they used brick for stone, and they used tar for mortar. And they said, “Come, let us build for ourselves a city, and a tower whose top will reach into heaven, and let us make for ourselves a name; lest we be scattered abroad over the face of the whole earth.” And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower which the sons of men had built. And the LORD said, “Behold, they are one people, and they all have the same language. And this is what they began to do, and now nothing which they purpose to do will be impossible for them. “Come, let Us go down and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.” So the LORD scattered them abroad from there over the face of the whole earth; and they stopped building the city. Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the LORD confused the language of the whole earth; and from there the LORD scattered them abroad over the face of the whole earth. (Genesis 11:1-9)

The Best of the Bible-Science Guy Blog
is now available on a single page.

Click the “Top Ten” tab above or click
Top Ten List of Bible-Science Guy Blog Posts
to see a list of my best blogs since October 2007. Blog-linked titles have brief descriptions for easy reference.

What was the selection criteria?
I chose the posts I liked best, or the ones I found most interesting, best written, or most important. I included those that accumulated the most views or generated the most comments. Basically, I picked the ones that I most wanted to bring to people’s attention.

Topics covered in the Top Ten List include the Resurrection, Age of the Earth, Noah’s Ark and Noah’s Flood, Intelligent Design, butterflies and their significance for the creation/evolution controversy, the problem of pain and suffering, movie reviews, apologetics, Famous Thinkers of the past who believed in a Creator, Creation, Evolution, Tower of Babel, and others.

Soli Deo Gloria.

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©William T. Pelletier, Ph.D.
“contending earnestly for the faith”
“destroying speculations against the knowledge of God”
(Jude 1:3; 2 Cor 10:4)
Saturday May 4, 2013 A.D.

For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day; therefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day and made it holy. (Exodus 20:11)

Why make a documentary movie about Noah’s Flood? Why is Noah’s Flood so important?

Noah’s Flood – Pivotal Event

Noah’s Flood is the pivotal geological event of all time because it utterly transformed the globe. Mountains, ravines, ocean basins, and continents probably all date from the time of the Flood—they were either formed or drastically altered by the Flood.

Turbulent Flood waters caused massive erosion worldwide. Swirling sediments were hydraulically sorted and settled in layers, solidifying during the following decades. Geological adjustments continued for centuries after the Flood. The oceanic, atmospheric, and geologic upheavals of Noah’s Flood exceed man’s capacity to comprehend.

The Apostle Peter declared the Flood destroyed the world (2 Peter 3:6). The Flood caused geological damage to the earth that defies imagination.

Climate adjustments after the Flood probably led to the Ice Age. As it melted and shifted, large quantities of melt-water, ice, and debris carved out the Great Lakes around 4,000 years ago.

Evidence or Assumptions?

Americans are drowning in an ocean of evolutionism. The evolutionist mind-set pervades our culture. Instead of just blithely accepting what “experts” think, one needs to evaluate the undergirding assumptions and worldviews which influence – and even determine – interpretations of evidence.

Prior to the evolution craze, Noah’s Flood was almost universally recognized to be global, and it was credited as the cause of earth’s sedimentary strata and fossils. The hypothetical multi-billion-year geological column “proving” evolution does not exist except on paper. Layers of sediment actually were deposited within about a year by Noah’s Flood. Incredibly, these effects of the Flood have been dismissed and instead attributed to “billions of years” to promote the theory of evolution.

The original explanation in terms of Noah’s Flood has never been disproved. It was simply rejected because it did not fit the preferred evolutionary worldview. The Biblical worldview properly attributes these geological effects to Noah’s Flood and recognizes the Flood as God’s judgment on a sin-soaked world.

Explaining the Layers

Sedimentary rock layers are water-borne sediments of mud and sand which have solidified. Some sedimentary layers tens of feet thick extend multi-state; others span continents. These regional and continental deposits are found worldwide. Only a global flood would have the power to erode, transport, and deposit such immense quantities of sediment.

Often sedimentary strata are not flat. Very thick layers have been bent and folded without any cracking or breaking. This folding must have occurred before mud and sand layers hardened, which implies rapid deposition by a flood. Great mountain chains such as the Himalayas, Alps, Appalachians, and Rockies are sedimentary rock which was deposited by the Flood and which buckled up afterwards. (Psalm 104:6-9)

In fossil graveyards, buried under layers of mud, billions of animal and marine fossils lie jumbled together in death. Noah’s Flood explains these petrified remains of once-living plants and animals. The Flood would have laid down great deposits of water-borne sediments full of plant and animal remains. As the sediments solidified into rock, the remains fossilized. Remains must be buried quickly in order to fossilize instead of decaying. Fossil-laden sedimentary strata worldwide are indelible records of a global flood.

Here is a YouTube video (2:21) of Buddy Davis singing
Billions of Dead Things, Buried in Rock Layers, Laid Down by Water, All Over the Earth.

 
Evolutionists love to pronounce, “The present is the key to the past” as if it were established fact. This is backwards. They have it completely turned around. The truth is, “The past is the key to the present.” A Biblically-informed understanding of the past explains the present geological condition of the earth by Noah’s Flood.

Mystery of Noah’s Flood

This first-class documentary will answer the most common questions asked about Noah’s Flood as well as the typical arguments raised by skeptics. Topics will include:
How did Noah build the Ark?
How did Noah collect animals from all over the world?
How did all the animals fit on the ark?
Can you build a ship big enough just out of wood?
Was the Flood global or local?
Is there any evidence of the Flood still existing today?

Here is some of what the movie website says about the Mystery of Noah’s Flood:

“Noah’s Flood is much, much more than a children’s story. . .something we will show in this compelling documentary. The Mystery of Noah’s Flood will impact people’s lives. In preparing for this project, we have spent many months in pre-production developing an engaging story.

We will take a trip to some of the most unexpected places and tie together threads such as continental division, law school, Charles Darwin, supposed alien technology, and even the dinosaurs. Ian will be visiting real dinosaur bone beds, revealing the significance of how Noah’s ark was built and why its design and structure was symbolic of Jesus Christ.

We will travel to places all over North America to see the evidence of Noah’s flood. And there will be recreations that reveal the wonder that this world was before the flood and the effects that that flood had on planet earth.

In the end these threads will reveal an amazing tapestry of truth, rather than fantasy
. . .fact, rather than fiction.”

Using re-enactments, stunning sets, and cinematography, the producers intend to show how Noah prepared for the Flood, the mechanisms of the Flood, and what the earth was like after the Flood. A miniseries is also planned.

The production schedule calls for filming during the summer of 2013 with release in February 2014. Visit the movie site, Mystery of Noah’s Flood, to keep abreast of progress.

Funds and prayers are needed to support the production of this documentary. If interested in this project, go to the Mystery of Noah’s Flood Funding Campaign to contribute. Spread the news to all your friends and contacts, and encourage them to support it.

Would you like to make evolutionists wake up in a cold sweat in the middle of the night? This intriguing and significant documentary film might have that effect. The Mystery of Noah’s Flood has the potential to awaken many viewers to Biblical truth and transform the world view of scientists and non-scientists alike.

Soli Deo Gloria.

See these related articles on Noah’s Flood and/or Noah’s Ark:
Noah’s Flood—Key to the Past
Noah’s Flood—A Global Event
Noah’s Ark Replicas
Noah’s Ark Found?
Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Volcanoes, & Noah’s Flood
Rebuilding Noah’s Ark
Ark Encounter Park
Noah’s Ark Model in Holland
Noah’s Ark
Noah’s Ark Found? (with video)
1. Rebuilding Noah’s Ark – Intro
2. Rebuilding Noah’s Ark – Kentucky Governor (with YouTube videos)
3. Rebuilding Noah’s Ark – How Big?
4. Rebuilding Noah’s Ark – Ark Encounter video
5. Rebuilding Noah’s Ark – Ark Encounter Park
6. Rebuilding Noah’s Ark – Location (with maps)
7. Rebuilding Noah’s Ark – Funding
8. Rebuilding Noah’s Ark – Facing Opposition
9. Rebuilding Noah’s Ark – Ham Debates Lynn (with video)
10. Rebuilding Noah’s Ark – What Would Noah Think?
11. Rebuilding Noah’s Ark – Tour the Dutch Ark (with video)
Dinosaurs on the Ark?
Tsunami Videos and Noah’s Flood
Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Volcanoes, & Noah’s Flood
USA TODAY features Noah’s Ark
Wallenda, Niagara, & Noah’s Flood

Subscribe – Don’t miss future blog posts!
Click the sidebar’s “SUBSCRIBE” button to follow the
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©William T. Pelletier, Ph.D.
“contending earnestly for the faith”
“destroying speculations against the knowledge of God”
(Jude 1:3; 2 Cor 10:4)
Wednesday May 1, 2013 A.D.

Ascribe to the LORD the glory due to His name. Worship the LORD in holy array. The voice of the LORD is upon the waters. The God of glory thunders. The LORD is over many waters. (Psalms 29:2-3)